Constantine the Great - 1359 Words

Constantine the Great Constantine the Great, first Christian Emperor, originator of Constantinople, creator of the Byzantine Empire, military conqueror, and honored saint, has been labeled by many the most instrumental emperor of the Roman Empire. Constantine played a crucial role in the development of Europe during the Middle Ages, and founded Christianity as the formal religion of the Roman Empire. His dynamic yet effective predominance laid the infrastructure of European development. From his humble beginnings, to his command of the Roman Empire, to his final days, Constantine’s impact on world history and Christianity has left behind an unforgettable legacy. He was described by Eusebius as â€Å"such an emperor as all history records†¦show more content†¦Diocletian did not entirely trust Constantius, and held Constantine as a hostage in his court to ensure first-rate performance from Constantius. Despite this Constantine remained a distinguished court member, f ighting for Diocletian, as well as for Galerius in Asia. He battled the barbarians of Danube in 296, fought the Persians in Syria and Mesopotamia in 297, 298, and 299. Constantine returned to Nicomedia in the spring of 303, to find the beginnings of Diocletian’s â€Å"Great Persecution†, beginning to take place. The Great Persecution brought about the demolition of the new church in Nicomedia, the imprisonment of priests, the deprivation of authoritative ranks from Christians, and the destruction of many churches and scriptures. On May 1, 305 Diocletian announced his resignation because of a crippling illness he developed during the previous winter. Galerius was chosen as his imperial successor. It did not take Constantine long to recognize the immediate danger in remaining in the east. Constantius made the request of Galerius to allow his son to leave the east to help him campaign in Britain. Galerius granted the request, and during the summer of 305 Constantine joine d his father in Gaul. Constantine campaigned at his father’s side for a year in Northern Britain, before his father became very ill. Over the course of his campaign, Constantius’s health quickly declined, and heShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of Constantine The Great1471 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Constantine the Great, also known as Saint Constantine, was the Roman Emperor from 306 to 337, right after Diocletian. As the first Roman emperor to call himself a Christian, his actions greatly affected both the history of the Christian Church and the history of the world. However, the question is, were his efforts about benefitting the church or about benefitting himself? It is said that because of his edicts and leadership, he was able to move the church as well as himself intoRead MoreConstantine the Great Constantine the Great, military victor, glorified saint, equal to the1900 Words   |  8 PagesConstantine the Great Constantine the Great, military victor, glorified saint, equal to the Apostles, first Christian Emperor, builder of Constantinople, and founder of the Byzantine Empire, has been called by many the most influential emperor of Late Antiquity. Constantine played a crucial role in the development of Europe during the Middle Ages, and established Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire. His dynamic yet effective predominance laid the foundations of post classicalRead MoreThe Great Leaders Of Pericles And Constantine1516 Words   |  7 PagesHe stares in awe at the sign, then begins to think about it. This all happened a long time ago. 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He did not live modestly like the classical Greek culture required. Instead of dressing simply and with austerity, Alexander wore elaborate Asian-styled clothing and he likely enjoyed Epicurean pleasures. Although leading military campaignsRead More The Rule of Constantine Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesThe Rule of Constantine The emperor Constantine has been called the most important emperor of the late antiquity. The many great events of his reign laid foundations that would affect the future of Europe and Western Civilization for centuries to come. His recognition and support of Christianity was one of the most important moments in world history. Moving the government of the Roman Empire to Constantinople and founding â€Å"New Rome† was one of the most significant decisions ever made by a RomanRead MoreThe Rise Of The Century King Cyrus And Emperor Constantine1305 Words   |  6 Pagesin history King Cyrus and Emperor Constantine you will discover that these two historical leaders dramatically influenced the change of direction for Judaism and Christianity. There are some scholars who would argue that these two ruler’s conversions to god was not sincere and they were just political masterminds. Either way Cyrus and Constantine are two central figures in Judaism and Christianity, two of t he world’s major organized religions. Cyrus and Constantine took over many lands and built theirRead MoreConstantine : A Influential Leader1295 Words   |  6 PagesConstantine was a very influential leader throughout his life. 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He called the Council of Nicea in 325 to resolve conflicts arising between the Arian Christians and the Athansian Christians. 2 This resulted in the canonization of Athansian Christianity, to which Constantine I converted his empire. 3Clovis

An Analysis Of Patrick Cariou s Canal Zone - 1722 Words

Copyright involves the exclusive legal right to reproduce, publish, sell, or distribute the matter and form of something (as a literary, musical, or artistic work). This enables the creator of such item to have insurance that no one else can steal or replicate their idea. Copyright has seen some of the largest court cases of all time where companies have sued millions due to breaches of copyright. A French photographer, Patrick Cariou, published a book Yes, Rasta (Powerhouse) for a show at Gagosian Galleryphotographs. The images were of a Rastafarian community in Jamaica. In 2008 Richard Prince created Canal Zone, which were a series of art works incorporating Cariou s photographs of the Rastafarian Community. Prince s works†¦show more content†¦In April 2013 The SDNY found that most of Prince s works were deemed to be transformative of the original works to an observer and consequently in fair use. In particular, the Court found that the lower court erred in requiring that the appropriating artist claim to be commenting on the original work, and found works to be transformative if they presented a new aesthetic. The court found 25 of Prince’s works to be transformative fair use under fair use. Cariou and Prince have since settled the case. Defamation or Libel is a false statement or accusation that harms the reputation of an individual person, business and much more. In regards to journalism there have been numerous cases in the UK of a newspaper organisations publishing an article or an image that could be seen as defamatory to those involved. This has led to numerous court cases against these media outlets due to the defamatory nature of the publication. For example, in 2011, Comedian Frankie Boyle, sued The Daily Mirror after describing him as ‘racist comedian’. Boyle said the paper defamed him with an article that was published in on 19 July 2011. Boyle claimed that the defamatory article cost him his job on the BBC panel show Mock The Week. The Daily Mirror defended the article they published by claiming it that the racist description was either true or honest comment on a matter of public interest

Fellow Nurse Is Practicing Misconduct †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Fellow Nurse Is Practicing Misconduct. Answer: Introduction A nurse is a medical practitioner who visits patient each and every time more than any other person. He or she is in position to check and monitor the illness of the patients for all the period in the hospital till the time of discharge (Carney, 2016). In many cases, nurses in Australia have been found guilty of misconduct. Nurse practice needs lots of care and due diligence on the client. Nurse misconduct varies on the nature of the act. Some misconduct arises due to unavoidable circumstances or even unawareness. Contrarily, some misconducts are done deliberately with a goal of achieving something (Yildiz et al., 2014). For instance, some nurses may conceal drugs in the aim of selling them and give the patient under dose. Depending on the act, the NCSBN, National Council of midwives and nurses have the authority to revisit the matter and award the judgment accordingly. In place of practice, a nurse is held responsible for the threatening actions done to patients and public interest under his or her watch (Cashin et al, .2016). The paper will analyze a case where a nurse finds that the fellow nurse is practicing misconduct. It will outline the immediate actions, regulations on the matter and the ethical and legal implications of the matter. Immediate actions required A nurse pointing out that they are practicing patient care and yet they are not doing it is a breach of the code of conduct. It implies that the nurse went against the set rules and regulations which are set by National Council of State Boards ofNursing (NCSBN) and as a fellow nurse, I have an immediate role to play to prevent them from further breach of the law (Parahoo, 2014). First and for most, I will remind them of the set regulations that guide the nurse practices so that they might not be guilty about my move. Secondly, I will inform them to refrain from the act to avoid consequences from NCSBN, clients through court and any other interested body. Being a criminal act, I believe if they do not adhere to my advice, I will not condone their practices. I will take the proactive measure of informing relevant authorities of their acts so that life of patients cannot be put at risk anymore (Tobiano et al., 2017). It is interesting to note thatnursing calls for services to people and there are no any shortcut to achieve the ultimate goal of saving lives of patients. According to the law on nurses practice, it is illegal to witness a colleague practicing misconduct without any relevant action. It, therefore, means that I would be held responsible if the actions of my colleague continue to pose risks to the public. Regulations of Australian registered nurse There are many regulations in Australia which guide the practice of registered nurse. The role of a nurse is to make sure that the standard of their practice is in line with the standards set by the profession with an aim of assisting people to be safe (Chang Daly, 2015). However, the key role of the nurses is to offer competent and safe nurse care. It is, therefore, crucial to note that the registered nurses who found to compromise professional standards should be made known to appropriate people. The code of conduct of Australian registered nurses further indicate that nurses who are found witnessing unlawful practices of their colleague and even of coworkers in management, clinical or even research areas of practice possess an obligation and responsibility to report such conduct to a relevant authority for an action to be taken to safeguard the lives of individuals and also the interest of the public (McKenna et al., 2015). The regulation also permits the nurse to report the matter to an external authority if the hospital or employers do not produce a proper response to the matter. Nurses also are entitled to respect the values, dignity, beliefs, and culture of individuals who receive their services and even their colleagues. It is therefore important for nurses to offer effectivenursing care as well as upholding standards of competent and culturally informed care (Parahoo, 2014). They should then acknowledge the nature of families and other people and through their understanding, they should offer appropriate care. It is also significant to highlight that registered nurses are responsible for promoting and protecting the interests of the patients. By doing so, they ensure that action is done to make sure quality and safety of their services are not ruin or compromised. However, nurses should refrain from any form of prejudice and discriminatory behaviors and attitudes to their clients. Nurses should adhere to the provision of care without any favor. On the other hand, nurses should consider providing pros and cons of alternative care products to their clients for them to develop informed choices (Parahoo, 2014). This is to mean that nurses should avoid exploitation, provision of improper information and even misrepresentation in regards to the provision of health care and nurse care. This is to imply that they should precisely represent the care which they want to give people rather than going contrary to the set regulations. Furthermore, nurses should ensure that they develop trust in patients under care that their emotional, physical, social, psychological and cultural well-being be protected at the time of receiving care (Parahoo, 2014). They are also responsible for recognizing vulnerable persons such as people with disabilities, children and even people with mental illness and ensure that they protect them from sexual exploitation. Nurses in Australia also have a role in ensuring a professional boundary with the people being cared. It is one of the approaches to ensuring that the rights of patients remain confidential and also their safety is monitored in accordance with the law (Schneider Whitehead 2013). The unethical practices and breach of conduct among nurses in the professional lives is a risky act which can affect their profession and general reputation in the general public. It calls for nurses to adhere to their roles as prescribed to avoid the public from losing trust from them. It will ensure therapeutic relationships and also the effective delivery of their care services. The practice of nurses is based on ethics and reflectivity in accordance with the code of ethics for Australia nurses. They develop and ensure appropriate nursing care,nursing advice and assistance for each and every individual needing care (Parahoo, 2014). They examine their conduct and competency as set in the standards of the nursing profession. Ethical/legal implications Generally, disciplinary actions, law suits, and internal inquiries are some of the issues which are stressful to nurses who are concerned, more so the publicity which accompanies them. In some situations, these circumstances cannot be prevented and it needs that such stress should be proportionate to the moral culpability of the deeds done by the very nurse. The only way in which all these can be addressed is via the legal actions which can come in different ways (Parahoo, 2014). According to the nurses and midwives tribunal in Australia, they inquire and determines the issues which are brought to them. It has a number of options for such issues. It may caution or even reprimand the concerned nurse. Furthermore, it may come up with conditions on the nurse and in some extreme cases, it may impose suspension and even removal from practice. In addition, the actions done by the nurse to their clients which are contrary to the law will lead to unethical implications to the patient (Scanlo n et al., 2016). It implies that any form of injury, torture, psychological stress and even death can arise. The public will be at risk and legal action should be taken against the institution and the concerned nurse. The nurses are liable for any mistake they make when they are doing practices. First and for most, if any nurse fails to follow instructions prior doing any form of care, they risk their license being revoked (Kleinpell et al., 2014). This is to mean that he or she will not be in a position to transact any nurse practices and he or she will lose the job. In some organizations in Australian, the NCSBN has the right to suspend or revoke the license of the nurse if such nurse presents a great danger to the safety of general public. The practices by nurses are always under watch by the public. If patients feel that they are not being served well in that particular hospital by nurses, it will raise lots of questions on how that particular hospital operates. It will mean that other clients can get information and fails to attend the same hospital. The hospital will lose clients and probably will lead to closure. However, if the matter of misconduct among the nurse in the certain hospital is noted, the NCSBN will definitely arraign the management of the hospital in court to respond on the matter. The court decisions can result in the closure of the very hospital or revocation of their license of practice (Johnstone, 2015). The hospital will not in a position to offer it services to the public. In addition, the patients care in each and every hospital are very crucial. As a matter of fact, the hospital is liable for anything which might happen to the patient if neglected (Royals et al., 2016). If a nurse is very negligent, does not care the patients in accordance with the regulations, patients can contact other secondary diseases, they can get injuries and even they can die (Edmonds et al., 2016). However, on the matter of negligence, patients' health can deteriorate and with watchful eyes of their families, they may file the matter in court and the nurse is judged accordingly. These are offenses which the hospital and the concerned nurse will be liable and they will face consequences as prescribed by the law (Yildiz et al., 2014). An organization is blamed for the failure of some of its personnel to take a relevant action when the personal physician of the patient is not willing or even is unable to cope with the condition which risks the life or the life of a patient. Fai lure to observe the changes in the condition of the patient is a big liability of the organization. Any working nurse should perform their duties fully aware that the hospital does not insure them on mistakes they made. For this particular nurse who breaches the code of conduct, they have to pay for the charges subjected to them by NCSBN when found guilty. The nurse practice is granted by the licensing board and the board of the state can report the license discipline to some of the offices such as insurance council of Australia (ICA) (Blair et al., 2017). The very office can further act by placing the nurse on the excluded provider list. It implies that the very nurse will not be in a position to work in any organization which usually receives the ICA money. Similarly, the state can further exclude the nurse from any form of employment which is funded by ICA services. These particular actions can render the nurse disqualified and unemployable in any other state (Atkins et al., 2017). However, the nurse can also be blacklisted from obtaining any other license in other professions. Personally, the law points out that as a nurse, I should report any acts by other nurses which threaten the safety of the patients as well as general public. It means that I would be punished and this could come in different ways. My license can be revoked or I might be penalized for gross misconduct. Conclusions Breaching the code of conduct in nurse practice forms one of the crimes which have cost many nurses in Australia. The nurse practice is guided by the regulations installed by NCSBN thus each and every nurse is entitled to make decisions based on their knowledge. Given that the very nurse procured misconduct, the laws are very clear on the kinds of punishments need to be taken. As a nurse, it is advisable for each and every nurse to practice nursing under the guidance of the law and not under the personal interests. It will ensure that nursing profession is respected and trusted by the public and eventually people will benefit a lot. References Atkins, K., De Lacey, S., Britton, B., Ripperger, R. (2017).Ethics and law for Australian nurses. Cambridge University Press. Blair, W., Kable, A., Courtney?Pratt, H., Doran, E. (2016). Mixed method integrative review exploring nurses recognition and response to unsafe practice.Journal of advanced nursing,72(3), 488-500. Carney, M. (2016). Regulation of advanced nurse practice: its existence and regulatory dimensions from an international perspective.Journal of nursing management,24(1), 105-114. Cashin, A., Stasa, H., Dunn, S. V., Pont, L., Buckley, T. (2014). Nurse practitioner prescribing practice in Australia: Confidence in aspects of medication management.International journal of nursing practice,20(1), 1-7. Chang, E., Daly, J. (2015).Transitions in Nursing-E-Book: Preparing for Professional Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Daly, J., Speedy, S., Jackson, D. (2017).Contexts of nursing: An introduction. Elsevier Health Sciences. Edmonds, L., Cashin, A., Heartfield, M. (2016). Comparison of Australian specialty nurse standards with registered nurse standards.International nursing review,63(2), 162-179. Johnstone, M. J. (2015).Bioethics: a nursing perspective. Elsevier Health Sciences. Kleinpell, R., Scanlon, A., Hibbert, D., Ganz, F., East, L., Fraser, D., Beauchesne, M. (2014). Addressing issues impacting advanced nursing practice worldwide.OJIN: Online J Issues Nurs,19(2), 5. McKenna, L., Halcomb, E., Lane, R., Zwar, N., Russell, G. (2015). An investigation of barriers and enablers to advanced nursing roles in Australian general practice.Collegian,22(2), 183-189. Parahoo, K. (2014).Nursing research: principles, process and issues. Palgrave Macmillan. Royals, K., Lawton, K., Kopsaftis, Z., Carson, K., Smith, B. (2016). An Evaluation Of Outreach Respiratory Nursing Practice For The Management Of Copd Compared To Nursing Best Practice Guidelines: Observational Cohort Study Of Changes Over Time.Respirology,21, 22. Scanlon, A., Cashin, A., Bryce, J., Kelly, J. G., Buckely, T. (2016). The complexities of defining nurse practitioner scope of practice in the Australian context.Collegian,23(1), 129-142. Schneider, Z., Whitehead, D. (2013). Nursing and midwifery research: Methods and appraisal for evidence-based practice: Elsevier Australia. Tobiano, G., Whitty, J. A., Bucknall, T., Chaboyer, W. (2017). Nurses Perceived Barriers to Bedside Handover and Their Implication for Clinical Practice.Worldviews on Evidence?Based Nursing. Yildiz, D., Dilek Konukbay Msc, R. N., Akbayrak, N., Hatipoglu, S. (2014). Assessment of the malpractice tendencies of nurses working in an educational and research hospital.International Journal of Caring Sciences,7(1), 294.

The Morality of Human Act free essay sample

Human Acts are different from Acts of man. We cannot talk about goodness and badness of an act if we are dealing with acts of man. Only with human acts can we determined whether an act is moral or immoral. Acts of man are: acts that happen â€Å"naturally† acts done without self-awareness without deliberation, reflection, consent Instinctive, spontaneous acts that human beings share with other animals Human Acts acts with conscious knowledge acts that are done freely acts done with consent Human acts are those that are freely chosen in consequence of a judgment of conscience. Human acts are actions that proceed from insight into the nature and purpose of one’s doing from the consent of the will (Peschke) They are either good or evil. Essential Attributes of Human Acts: Intellect, free will, and voluntariness or consent The act must be deliberate; with consciousness and knowledge (intellect) The act must be performed in freedom (free will) The act must be done voluntarily (Consent) III. We will write a custom essay sample on The Morality of Human Act or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACTS Modifiers are factors or conditions that affect human acts in the essential qualities of knowledge, freedom and voluntariness. Lack of knowledge or impairment of intellect may affect human act An internal condition or external agent or situation may affect the freedom of the person doing the act An internal condition or external agent or situation may affect the voluntariness or consent of the person doing the act Some acts wherein the doer may not be morally accountable Acts of persons asleep or under hypnosis. Reflex actions where the will has no time to intervene. Acts of performed under serious physical violence e. g. a hostage obliged to do an evil action. Since the will is constrained, then it is not a moral act which could be evaluated. Modifiers of Human Act 1. Ignorance. It is the absence of necessary knowledge which a person in a given situation performing an act ought to have. Vincible Ignorance – lack of knowledge can be remedied; one has to exert effort to get rid of his/her lack of knowledge Invincible Ignorance – one is not aware of his/her ignorance and has no means or capacity to correct or solve it. Principles Governing Ignorance A person performing an act based in invincible ignorance is doing an involuntary act and is therefore not morally responsible / liable. Vincible ignorance does not destroy but lessens the voluntariness and corresponding accountability of the act. Acting with vincible ignorance is imprudent. Responsibility depends on: effort to obtain information, gravity of the matter, and the obligation of the concerned person. Pretended ignorance does not excuse a person from her/his bad actions. On the contrary, it increases his/her malice. 2. Passion or Concupiscence It is a strong feeling or emotion; bodily tendencies as experienced and expressed in fear, love, hatred, despair, horror, sadness, anger, grief, etc. (eg. Intense anger, jealousy, joy) It Includes both positive and negative emotions and is tending either towards desirable or undesirable /harmful things. (eg. An intense anger may lead the person to kill another) 2 Kinds of Passion Antecedent Passion those that precede the act, arousing and predisposing the person to do the act. (eg. an extremely angry wife immediately and â€Å"unknowingly† shot her husband upon seeing him on bed with another man) Principle Governing Antecedent Passion: And antecedent passion does not always destroys voluntariness but diminishes accountability of the resultant act. It weakens the person’s will power without completely obstructing freedom. Consequent Passion Consequent Passions are direct results of the will which consents to them instead of controlling them (eg. a jealous boyfriend allowed his feeling of anger to intensify for a week leading him to box a friend in public) Principle Governing Consequent Passion: A consequent does lessen but may even increase accountability because the person allows self to be completely controlled by passion 3. Fear It is the disturbance of the mind of a person who is confronted with impending danger or harm. A distinction should be made act between an act done with fear from an act done because of fear. Only in acts done because of fear can fear be considered as a modifier of human act. Acts done with fear- (eg. Even if Felix is afraid to use a gun and it was his first time to shoot a person, he shot the intruder of their house and foiled the robbery attempt. ) Acts done out of fear – (eg. With the robber poking a gun on him, Felix was forced to give all the cash collections in exchange for the life of his wife and child) Principles governing fear: Acts done with fear are voluntary; the person acts in spite of fear and is thus in control of his/her behavior; the person is morally responsible. Acts done because of fear are involuntary. The person is not morally accountable for his/her action. 4. Violence Violence is any physical force exerted on a person by another free agent for the purpose of compelling that person to act against his/her will; any act where great and brutal force is inflicted, eg. torture, mutilation, etc. Action resulting from violence is involuntary while the person’s will remains defiant against the aggressor; no consent even if compelled. Fred signed an affidavit of desistance after he was mauled by the goons of a landowner) Principles Governing Violence Action resulting from violence is involuntary while one’s will remains defiant against the aggressor; no consent even if compelled One should actively resist if it is possible. But if not, withholding consent is enough to save the person’s moral integrity. 5. Habit Habit is a constant and easy way of doing things acquired by the repetition of the same act; a lasting readiness and facility, born of frequently repeating acts, for acting in the same manner. Principles Governing Habit A person is morally accountable of his/her action if he/she allows a habit to determine his/her conduct. A deliberately admitted habit does not lessen voluntariness ; the person is still morally responsible for the act because it implies approval of all the consequences which he/she is aware of. IV. SPECIFIC DETERMINANTS OF THE MORALITY OF HUMAN ACTS 1. The Act Itself or the Object of the Act The action of the person The act which the will chooses to perform – that which is deliberately willed by the will – the object of the will It answers the question â€Å"WHAT? † Acts can be in themselves, by their very nature, good or bad or indifferent The moral object can either be good, bad or indifferent praying good stealing- bad eating- indifferent 2. The Motive or Intention The purpose or goal behind the act Asks the question: Why? It modifies the moral worth of the act 4 Principles to consider under motive: an indifferent act can become morally good or evil upon the intention of the person doing the act. eg. eating a muffin (indifferent) with a poison to commit suicide (intention) – this makes the eating the muffin evil An objectively good act becomes evil due to an evil or wrong intention. eg. Mark prays (good act) that his rival classmate will get low grades (intention) – praying becomes an evil act A morally good act can receive added goodness with a noble or good intention. eg Kim prays (act) that all children sick with dengue will be saved from death (intention). the act of praying becomes more good. An intrinsically evil act can never be morally good even if it is done with good intention. eg. Jimmy stole 500 pesos (act) from her dad’s purse so he can give it to a classmate who needs money for tuition(intention). Stealing remains evil even if Jimmy has a good intention. 3. The Circumstance The circumstances are those factors or conditions outside of the act that contribute to increase or diminish the goodness or evil of an action. A morally good act requires the goodness of the object, intention and circumstances. Four (4) types of circumstance affecting morality Mitigating or Extenuating Circumstance A circumstance that diminishes the degree of moral good in the act. eg. A young man shoots his father after years of being beaten, belittled, sworn at and treated without love Aggravating Circumstance A circumstance that increases the degree of moral good or evil in the act without adding new species of moral good or bad. eg. A murderer carried out at night by a killer with a lot of criminal records using powerful weapon Justifying Circumstance A circumstance that shows adequate reason for some acts done. eg. An accused killing a superior aggressor in an act of self-defence Specifying Circumstance A circumstance that gives a news species of a moral good or evil. (who, where, by what means, why). eg. A criminal raping a 12 year old girl and then murdering her by hitting the head with a huge stone. Principles Governing Circumstance a) An indifferent act becomes good or evil by reason of its circumstance. Eating lechon when the person has had a stroke and whose cholesterol level is way beyond normal b) A good act may become evil by reason of circumstance. eg. Susan still continues to pray even if the whole chapel is fast burning into ashes. c) An act may become better or worse, or may take on a new goodness or evil by reason of circumstance eg. Peter commits murder using an automatic rifle that he stole from the military camp. d) An evil act can never be made good by circumstance. eg. Maria says she opted to cheat because it was her last chance given by her Department Dean. The Morality of Human Act free essay sample Human Acts are different from Acts of man. We cannot talk about goodness and badness of an act if we are dealing with acts of man. Only with human acts can we determined whether an act is moral or immoral. Acts of man are: acts that happen â€Å"naturally† acts done without self-awareness without deliberation, reflection, consent Instinctive, spontaneous acts that human beings share with other animals Human Acts acts with conscious knowledge acts that are done freely acts done with consent Human acts are those that are freely chosen in consequence of a judgment of conscience. Human acts are actions that proceed from insight into the nature and purpose of one’s doing from the consent of the will (Peschke) They are either good or evil. Essential Attributes of Human Acts: Intellect, free will, and voluntariness or consent The act must be deliberate; with consciousness and knowledge (intellect) The act must be performed in freedom (free will) The act must be done voluntarily (Consent) III. We will write a custom essay sample on The Morality of Human Act or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page MODIFIERS OF HUMAN ACTS Modifiers are factors or conditions that affect human acts in the essential qualities of knowledge, freedom and voluntariness. Lack of knowledge or impairment of intellect may affect human act An internal condition or external agent or situation may affect the freedom of the person doing the act An internal condition or external agent or situation may affect the voluntariness or consent of the person doing the act Some acts wherein the doer may not be morally accountable Acts of persons asleep or under hypnosis. Reflex actions where the will has no time to intervene. Acts of performed under serious physical violence e. g. a hostage obliged to do an evil action. Since the will is constrained, then it is not a moral act which could be evaluated. Modifiers of Human Act 1. Ignorance. It is the absence of necessary knowledge which a person in a given situation performing an act ought to have. Vincible Ignorance – lack of knowledge can be remedied; one has to exert effort to get rid of his/her lack of knowledge Invincible Ignorance – one is not aware of his/her ignorance and has no means or capacity to correct or solve it. Principles Governing Ignorance A person performing an act based in invincible ignorance is doing an involuntary act and is therefore not morally responsible / liable. Vincible ignorance does not destroy but lessens the voluntariness and corresponding accountability of the act. Acting with vincible ignorance is imprudent. Responsibility depends on: effort to obtain information, gravity of the matter, and the obligation of the concerned person. Pretended ignorance does not excuse a person from her/his bad actions. On the contrary, it increases his/her malice. 2. Passion or Concupiscence It is a strong feeling or emotion; bodily tendencies as experienced and expressed in fear, love, hatred, despair, horror, sadness, anger, grief, etc. (eg. Intense anger, jealousy, joy) It Includes both positive and negative emotions and is tending either towards desirable or undesirable /harmful things. (eg. An intense anger may lead the person to kill another) 2 Kinds of Passion Antecedent Passion those that precede the act, arousing and predisposing the person to do the act. (eg. an extremely angry wife immediately and â€Å"unknowingly† shot her husband upon seeing him on bed with another man) Principle Governing Antecedent Passion: And antecedent passion does not always destroys voluntariness but diminishes accountability of the resultant act. It weakens the person’s will power without completely obstructing freedom. Consequent Passion Consequent Passions are direct results of the will which consents to them instead of controlling them (eg. a jealous boyfriend allowed his feeling of anger to intensify for a week leading him to box a friend in public) Principle Governing Consequent Passion: A consequent does lessen but may even increase accountability because the person allows self to be completely controlled by passion 3. Fear It is the disturbance of the mind of a person who is confronted with impending danger or harm. A distinction should be made act between an act done with fear from an act done because of fear. Only in acts done because of fear can fear be considered as a modifier of human act. Acts done with fear- (eg. Even if Felix is afraid to use a gun and it was his first time to shoot a person, he shot the intruder of their house and foiled the robbery attempt. ) Acts done out of fear – (eg. With the robber poking a gun on him, Felix was forced to give all the cash collections in exchange for the life of his wife and child) Principles governing fear: Acts done with fear are voluntary; the person acts in spite of fear and is thus in control of his/her behavior; the person is morally responsible. Acts done because of fear are involuntary. The person is not morally accountable for his/her action. 4. Violence Violence is any physical force exerted on a person by another free agent for the purpose of compelling that person to act against his/her will; any act where great and brutal force is inflicted, eg. torture, mutilation, etc. Action resulting from violence is involuntary while the person’s will remains defiant against the aggressor; no consent even if compelled. Principles Governing Violence Action resulting from violence is involuntary while one’s will remains defiant against the aggressor; no consent even if compelled One should actively resist if it is possible. But if not, withholding consent is enough to save the person’s moral integrity. 5. Habit Habit is a constant and easy way of doing things acquired by the repetition of the same act; a lasting readiness and facility, born of frequently repeating acts, for acting in the same manner. Principles Governing Habit A person is morally accountable of his/her action if he/she allows a habit to determine his/her conduct. A deliberately admitted habit does not lessen voluntariness ; the person is still morally responsible for the act because it implies approval of all the consequences which he/she is aware of. IV. SPECIFIC DETERMINANTS OF THE MORALITY OF HUMAN ACTS 1. The Act Itself or the Object of the Act The action of the person The act which the will chooses to perform – that which is deliberately willed by the will – the object of the will It answers the question â€Å"WHAT? † Acts can be in themselves, by their very nature, good or bad or indifferent The moral object can either be good, bad or indifferent praying good stealing- bad eating- indifferent 2. The Motive or Intention The purpose or goal behind the act Asks the question: Why? It modifies the moral worth of the act 4 Principles to consider under motive: an indifferent act can become morally good or evil upon the intention of the person doing the act. eg. eating a muffin (indifferent) with a poison to commit suicide (intention) – this makes the eating the muffin evil An objectively good act becomes evil due to an evil or wrong intention. Mark prays (good act) that his rival classmate will get low grades (intention) – praying becomes an evil act A morally good act can receive added goodness with a noble or good intention. eg Kim prays (act) that all children sick with dengue will be saved from death (intention). the act of praying becomes more good. An intrinsically evil act can never be morally good even if it is done with good intention. eg. Jimmy stole 500 pesos (act) from her dad’s purse so he can give it to a classmate who needs money for tuition(intention). Stealing remains evil even if Jimmy has a good intention. 3. The Circumstance The circumstances are those factors or conditions outside of the act that contribute to increase or diminish the goodness or evil of an action. A morally good act requires the goodness of the object, intention and circumstances. Four (4) types of circumstance affecting morality Mitigating or Extenuating Circumstance A circumstance that diminishes the degree of moral good in the act. eg. A young man shoots his father after years of being beaten, belittled, sworn at and treated without love Aggravating Circumstance A circumstance that increases the degree of moral good or evil in the act without adding new species of moral good or bad. A murderer carried out at night by a killer with a lot of criminal records using powerful weapon Justifying Circumstance A circumstance that shows adequate reason for some acts done. eg. An accused killing a superior aggressor in an act of self-defence Specifying Circumstance A circumstance that gives a news species of a moral good or evil. (who, where, by what means, why). eg. A criminal raping a 12 year old girl and then murdering her by hitting the head with a huge stone. Principles Governing Circumstance a) An indifferent act becomes good or evil by reason of its circumstance. Eating lechon when the person has had a stroke and whose cholesterol level is way beyond normal b) A good act may become evil by reason of circumstance. eg. Susan still continues to pray even if the whole chapel is fast burning into ashes. c) An act may become better or worse, or may take on a new goodness or evil by reason of circumstance eg. Peter commits murder using an automatic rifle that he stole from the military camp. d) An evil act can never be made good by circumstance. eg. Maria says she opted to cheat because it was her last chance given by her Department Dean.

Social Conflict in the Work of Marx and Weber

Introduction Philosophers describe conflict as the disagreement of authority. According to these philosophers, power can take on different forms depending on the person at the helm. While some form of power might be humane and manipulative, another might as well be coercive and physical. While some people in power might choose to lead in an assertive and bargaining way, others decide to do so in an inductive and rational manner.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Conflict in the Work of Marx and Weber specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to the variations in the forms of power, there is usually the likelihood of manifestation of conflict. In this light, social conflict therefore addresses the confrontation of social powers. Ideally, all social theorists seek to address power or conflict based on social powers and their dialectics. (Cattell, 1957, p. 23)This essay seeks to examine the status of social conflict in the work of both Karl Marx and Max Weber. Karl Marx According to Marx, the society encompasses an existing balance of opposing forces that give rise to social change by their constant tension and struggle. In presenting his theory, Marx based his vision on an evolutionary point, which was contrary to the theories existing at that time. For him, tension and struggle rather than passive development was the driving force of progress. Marx considered strife the father of all good things and social conflict the center of chronological progression. This philosophy presented by Marx deviated from earlier versions but corresponded with the 19th century view of society. According to Marx, the need for adequate food and drink, of housing and for clothing were man’s chief goals at the beginning of the race, and these needs are still fundamental when efforts are made to scrutinize the intricate structure of contemporary society. However, man’s strive against nature does not st op once these pursuits are attained. If translated literally, this statement means that meeting one need gives rise to a host of others and this becomes a sort of a vicious cycle. (Giddens, 1983, p. 101) In their bid to gratify both the principal and inferior needs, men engage in aggressive cooperation immediately they leave the primeval, shared period of development. According to Marx, specialization brings with it opposition of ideas from the different classes. In his hypotheses, Marx claimed that all social relations between men, as well as the existing systems of ideas are exclusively rooted in the past. He also maintained that, although class strives, had marked all history, the competitors in the struggle had changed in the course of time. Although there was obviously a similarity between the travelers of the middle ages who fought against guild masters and today’s industrial workers who take on capitalists, the contestants were merely the same characters placed in diff erent situations. (Blau, 1964, p. 23)Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For Marx, the analysis of social class, class organizations and modifications are crucial to understanding capitalism and other social structures or means of production. In his theory, work and labor, and ownership of property with the means of production were the only ways that could be used to explain and define classes. Today’s capitalism according to Marx exhibits these economic factors than in any other period in history. While the previous societies contained alliances that could have been considered classes, these were mere elites who were not wholly based on economic factors. (Bottomore, 1983, p. 96) According to Marx, capitalism has two major groupings namely the bourgeoisie and proletariat. It is actually important to understand that Marx viewed the structure of society vis-Ã  -vis its maj or classes, and the resistance between them as the force of alteration in this structure. Indeed, Marx theory was not based on balance or consensus. Conflict was forever present within the societal structure and the existing classes were not meant to be purposeful elements maintaining the structure. According to Marx, this structure was like a major ingredient in the struggle of classes. Indeed, Marx only sought to explain his conflict view based on his observation of the 19th century society. (Marx, 1971, p. 65) Marx defined class as simply the possession of property. In his explanation, he claimed that such an ownership gives a person the power to bar other people from the property and to utilize it for personal intentions. By looking at the bourgeoisie, landowners and proletariats, one realizes that their main asset was property and not revenue or status. Indeed, these are determined by supply and expenditure, which itself definitely replicates the production and power associatio ns of classes. According to Marx, this makes the issue of class a hypothetical and recognized relationship among individuals. In a bid to fit in to one of the three classes, there arises an informal class membership force otherwise known as class interest. Due to the identical class conditions, individuals in the different classes tend to act in the same manner. This leads them to unconsciously form a kind of reciprocal reliance, a society, and shared interest interconnected with common revenue of yield or of wages. Because of this common interest, what follows is a formation of an interest class meant to protect their property. The formation of the interest classes often leads one group in to a struggle with the opposite group. (Marx, 1971, p. 68)Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Conflict in the Work of Marx and Weber specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Initially, the interests associated with land possessio n and rental fee are dissimilar to those of the bourgeois property. However, as the society matures, there is usually a merger between capital and land ownership, which in turn forces a coalition between landowners and bourgeoisie. At the end, the association of production, the natural struggle between proletariat and bourgeoisie ends up being the determinant of all the events that follow. According to Marx, this constant struggle is necessary for any society that is maturing since its absence would ground a society to a halt. At the beginning of class conflict, the struggle between the various classes is usually carried out at individual production units. As capitalism matures, the rising inequality between the living conditions of the bourgeoisie and the proletariat extends the strife to coalitions across industrial units. With the passage of time, there is a manifestation of class conflict within the societal level. According to Marx, this new level leads to a rise in class-consc iousness, which ultimately leads to the clamor for political power. This therefore transforms the existing classes in to political power, which is the other form of class. (Marx, 1971, p. 70) According to Marx, the spread of political power is determined by the power of production. Production grants political power, which the bourgeois class uses to legalize and safeguard their property and resultant group affairs. Class relations are therefore political and in a mature society, the government is involved with the bourgeoisie affairs. This fact leads to a state of restlessness in the remaining classes something that widens the rift between them even further. Additionally, the state of the already exploited worker deteriorates further and in most cases, this leads to the collapse of the entire social structure. Ultimately, this transforms the class struggle in to a blue-collar revolution. In effect, this wipes away the existing classes and gives rise to a classless society. With the collapse of classes, the political power needed to protect the bourgeoisie against the laborers becomes obsolete leading to the collapse of political power and the state at large. (Cattell, 1957, p. 5) Marx’s emphasis on class conflict as representing the dynamics of social change, his consciousness that change was not accidental but the result of a conflict of interests, and his observation of social relations based on political power were new findings in the society. However, the passage of time and history has made most of his suppositions and prophecies obsolete. Today, capitalist possession and the control of production have been divided. Instead of workers becoming homogenous as Marx predicted, they are now divided in to various specialization groups. On the other hand, the strengthening of the middle class and communal mobility has further weakened the class solidity thus discrediting Marx theory in a large manner.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Instead of there being a big disparity between the rich and the poor, there has been a social intensity and an increasing highlight on social fairness. Finally, the growth of worker-oriented laws has weakened the bourgeoisie power that Marx predicted would characterize the modern society. Most importantly, the demonstration of conflict between laborers and capitalist has been institutionalized through combined negotiation legislation and the validation of strikes. Despite the exhibit of chronological trends discrediting these theories, Marx’s sociological outlines have much value. Of importance, his highlighting on conflict, classes, and their association to political influence, and on communal alteration was a dominant perspective that the modern society should not abandon. Indeed the spirit, if not the essence of his hypothesis merits further development to guide the modern society. (Giddens, 1983, p. 105) Max Weber Marx saw the division of classes as the mainly important f oundation of class conflict. Weber’s scrutiny of class is similar to Marx’s, but he discusses class in the framework of social stratification in a more general manner. Weber claims that class and social status are different dimensions of the social structure and both are noteworthy contributors of social difference. In fact, the way Weber treats class and status is an indication of the manner in which the substance basis of society is related to its perception. Social conflict can therefore be a result of the substance or the ideological basis. Unlike Marx, Weber did not dwell on explaining how class conflict occurs but he highlighted the role of power, domination and societal action in the matter. Weber defines power as the aptitude of an actor to recognize his will in a social action, even against the will of team players. He relates this to the ability to sway resources in a fastidious sphere of influence. Therefore, economic power is the ability to manage substance resources in order to guide production, dominate accretion and dictate expenditure. Societal power as outlined by Weber includes monetary power, societal power, lawful or political power among other centers of influence. Although controlling these spheres of resources usually go together, they characterize diverse mechanisms of power and are therefore theoretically distinct. (Giddens, 1983, p. 108) On the other hand, Weber described domination as the implementation of power. Therefore, possessing power in any sphere of life resulted in to automatic dominance. In what he called charismatic domination, Weber claimed that some individuals might use inspiration, coercion, communication or even leadership to direct and coordinate social action. This charisma according to Weber usually emerges during times of social crisis. Because this leadership tends to be personalized, it is short-lived and does not extend beyond the rule of its founder. In exercising this power, the leader often fin ds himself in a form of conflict with the subjects. In traditional authority, there is absolute loyalty to the leadership. In most cases, the lines of this authority are almost non-existent and there is no clear differentiation between private and public life. (Shortell, n.d) In the matter of communal action, Weber claims that it is oriented based on a common conviction of association. In other words, the actors believe that by some means they belong together in a certain way. The actions of these actors come from and are co-coordinated by this feeling. This is in contrast to societal action, which is somehow oriented to a coherent modification of welfare. The motivation is therefore not gotten by a sense of communal rationale, but relatively, identification of common good. On the issue of class, Weber identified three distinct classes, which included a specific fundamental section of actors, which rests entirely on monetary interests and is embodied under an environment of labor an d product markets. According to Weber, the possession of property defines the major class difference. Property owners have explicit advantages and in some cases even a monopoly in the marketing of commodities. The same property owners have a limited access to the foundations of wealth creation, by virtue of possession and management of the markets. Unlike Marx, Weber did not believe that class interests necessarily led to consistency is social action. Additionally, Weber did not concur with Marx that proletarian revolutionary action would arise because of structural inconsistency. In certain situations, Weber believed that there was a possibility of societal action developing from a common class situation. This meant that the extent of the contrasts between the property owners and the property less laborers must first be translucent to the laborers in order for communal action around the issue of class to crop up. (Shortell, n.d) Conclusion Both Marx and Weber have addressed the sta tus of social conflict albeit in different words. Weber’s view on the status of class conflict was not much different from the one outlined by Marx although both views are stated differently. On his part, Marx discussed the repercussions of class in terms of the substance conditions of survival. He also classified property possession in a definitive manner and in light of capitalist class relations. Additionally, Marx did not think that the variations in the kind of labor were important though he accepted that specialization had greater value than unskillful labor. On his part, Weber believed that the disparities in wages resulted in considerable substantial conditions thus dissimilar models of social action. Weber’s theory also suggests that rivalry among those without property can be based on lucid reasons, and not false awareness as Marx suggested. Reference List Blau, P. (1964) Exchange and Power in Social Life. New York: Wiley. p. 23-46. Bottomore, T. (1983) A Dic tionary of Marxist Thought. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 96-103. Cattell, R. (1957) Personality and Motivation. New York: World Book. p. 5-16. Giddens, A. (1983) Capitalism and Modern Social Theory: An Analysis of the Writings of Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 101-109. Marx, K. (1971) Preface to a Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy. Tr. S. W. Ryanzanskaya, edited by M. Dobb. London: Lawrence Whishart. p. 65-81. Shortell, T. (n.d). Weber’s Theory of Social Class. [Online] Brooklyn College. Available at: http://www.brooklynsoc.org/courses/43.1/weber.html . This essay on Social Conflict in the Work of Marx and Weber was written and submitted by user Daisy Doyle to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

buy custom Use of Psyllium in Medicinal World essay

buy custom Use of Psyllium in Medicinal World essay General information Use of psyllium for medicinal purposes has been adopted extensively in the therapeutic sector due to its ability of counteract some physiological alterations manifested in some health complications. Psyllium which is a seed is harvested from a plant whose scientific name is Plantago psyllium but its common name is usually fleawort. Psyllium has also a couple of names which are used to refer to it. Some of these names are ispaghula and isabgol (Saper , Eisenberg Phillips ,2004) Use of psyllium herb for therapeutic purposes can be linked or traced back to Indian traditions. It was used as one of the elements which were utilized during Indian traditional ceremonies (O'Mathna, 2006). A harvested psyllium is usually soluble in water to form a thin liquid solution which can be utilized by the patient for therapeutic purposes. However, when these psyllium components are exposed to moist condition, they get swollen with a subsequent formation of sticky mucilaginous compound which might lose its medicinal value if carelessly stored (Karta Michael, 2009). Uses of Psyllium Psyllium seed husks are not digestible in the alimentary canal of human beings. As a consequence they are used as fibers which are essential in a diet. These seed components are essential in the diet to mitigate constipation ffects (Alberts,et al,2000). It is also used in preventing irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhea as well as diverticular linked disease. Due to their fiber nature, psyllium seeds components are essential diet supplement which are used in maintaining a superb alimentary functions in human beings. The non-therapeutic bulk of the husks are essential in providing a constant volume of indigestible material in the alimentary canal irrespective of the type of diet which a person consumes (Tish Rebecca, 2011). According to the recent research studies which have been conducted in the United States of America, they have shown that use of psyllium in control of diabetes as well as level of cholesterol can yield recommendable therapeutic results (Russell, 1975). Psyllium being supplemented with other medicinal components has been also used in detoxification processes. Apart from this, psyllium has been extensively applied in the Chinese medicine in the treatment of stomach base ailments such as intestinal ulcers, stomachaches as well as heartburns (Tish Rebecca, 2011). Adverse effects of using psyllium Use of psyllium has been associated with a number of physiological complications such as allergic reaction. Such complications are usually common in individuals who had prolonged exposure to psyllium dust. In addition, obstruction of gastrointestinal tract may occur in patients who had been subjject to GIT surgical procedures. One of the major properties of psyllium which lead to gastronintenstinal obstruction accompanied with of gastrointestinal obstruction asphyxiation is the ability to swell when exposed to wet conditions with a subsequent formation of a thick immobile gum-like substance (Petchetti , Frishman , Petrillo ,2007). Nursing complications and drug interactions factors Use of psyllium has been linked with drug absorption complication especially where used together with other drugs (Blumenthal, Goldberg, Brinckmann, 2000). Its gum-like nature absorbs the active compound in these drugs hampering the absorption process. Consequently the active drug components which get absorbed through the alimentary canal to the circulation system are significantly reduced (Stewart, et al 1991). The withheld active components are excreted together with other indigestible material in the alimentary canal. The overall effects of the administered drugs are consequently reduced thus necessitating a further administration of the same drug (Rakel, 2007).Apart from this, psyllium has active compounds which interact chemically with other compounds in the administered drugs to forms which are either insoluble or soluble but with no therapeutic effects in the body. Some of these chemical products may have adverse effects of the physiological functioning of the body (Aggar, 2009). Buy custom Use of Psyllium in Medicinal World essay

Write an essay that discusses what James Tate,Robert Bly, Billy

Write an that discusses what James Tate,Robert Bly, Billy Collins,and Mattew Dickman think a good poem is.what does a good poem do how can we evaluate a poem properly - Essay Example Writing a poem that has much significance requires time. Writing a poem is not simple because in order for one to write a poem, they should know how to twist their words, use jargons and know how to express their own feelings into the poem. Individuals have in the past praised poems for the power they possess and signify, while others have not been in support of them simply because they cannot understand the concept behind them (Ross, 303). Certain scholars described what a good poem is supposed to be, what it was supposed to signify and how good poems are evaluated. The scholars; James Tate, Robert Bly, Collins, Matthew Dickman described a good poem as a piece of literature that individuals are able to relate with. A good poem incorporates the aspect of culture, which is noteworthy since culture is what every single being follows. A poem that significantly speaks about the cultures of people is simply a good poem since readers can relate it to the life they live. A good poem relates to the reader in a sentimental way. There is sentimental value between the reader and the poem. From the metaphors used to the complex language structure, a good poem is designed to show insight or certain revelation. It is supposed to show significance to the reader; from the way the words rhyme to the way they are twisted. A good poem does not necessarily reflect the writers’ own personal experience. It can just be a fantasy, yet it makes sense and in a way relates to the reader (Ross, 307). Most writers write poems because they have a passion and derive a certain level of satisfaction from their work. They write to let their feelings known, to be recognized as people who relate with words. A good poem is a piece of literary writing that rejuvenates the reader. The primary goal of a good poem is to focus all the attention of the reader into the poem. It should not be channeled towards

Meditations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Meditations - Essay Example This is after the book was circulated for a collection of objection upon which he provided his replies. Most of the people who read the meditations did not agree with some of the philosophical theories built by Descartes. Therefore, this brings about some kind of disagreement between Descartes and one or more objectives that he raises. As such, these objections and replies will be evaluated to gauge their adequacy. Descartes wrote the meditations to show that he had previously been mistaken in relation to things that he had initially thought to be certain. He, therefore, makes a decision to sweep away all of the perception that he had built in the past by constructing his knowledge from ground upwards. In turn, the only ideas that he was to accept as true were those that had been confirmed to be absolutely certain. It is his senses that helped him to get all that he had thought previously. Although his senses can also be deceiving, it only happens for tiny objects or those that are f ar away. He ultimately realizes that he cannot cast any doubt upon his own existence (Garber, 2003). Position of Descartes in the Meditations In the Meditations Descartes provides a means for first philosophy hence the beginning of modern day philosophy. From the book, he starts by attempting to doubt everything. He also builds up from those things that are likely to be known with certainty. He bases his first mediation on skeptical doubts by defining knowledge in terms of doubt. With this, he makes a distinction between rigorous knowledge or scientia and the other lesser grades of convictions or persuasio. He makes a clear distinction between the human soul and body. In this, he demonstrates the existence of God and the immortality of the soul and questions how certain knowledge is. As such, his position is that people should establish what is likely to be known for sure. In order to make out what is claimed in the sciences and form a firm structure from them, it is important to ma ke a new foundation. This is because of the way he connects with the development of knowledge from the senses. This kind of information is what should be taken as true and certain (Garber, 2003). It is thus important to have a clear and distinct perception in order to secure knowledge. He thus develops a new state of mind conception by stating that the mental states are similar to what it represents. Therefore, the subject of the objections is that there should be no belief in things that are absolutely certain. In particular, the objection being made is that people only think about things that know the mind in a clear and distinct way. He claims that senses are not the source of knowledge but a means through which individuals practically move through the world. This makes the mind of human beings sufficient enough to know God. However, the reply to this objective is that people must work hard to understand their bodies. It is because the mind and body are extremely distinct and hav e nothing in common. With this, there must be the presence of doubt to gain more knowledge (Descartes, 1993). In my opinion, this reply is highly adequate because it appears to take a rational stance. It brings out the two truths that show the philosophical evidence on the existence of God, as opposed to the authority of scriptures. First Meditation: What can be called to doubt: the reliability of senses For the first meditation by Descartes which is about the reliability of the senses, he claims that the human is a complete form of spirituality. According to

Psychiatric Disorders, Diseases, and Drugs Essay Example for Free

Psychiatric Disorders, Diseases, and Drugs Essay There are five main psychiatric disorders and they are schizophrenia, depression, mania, anxiety disorders, and Tourette syndrome. Psychiatric disorders are â€Å"disorders of psychological function sufficiently sever to require treatment† Pinel, J. P. J. (2011). The main fact about these psychiatric disorders is that they are difficult to diagnose. They use the DSM-IV-TR to diagnose patients that is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychiatric Association. The first psychiatric disorder is Schizophrenia, this disorder is â€Å"the splitting of psychic functions† Pinel, J. P. J. (2011). This is a disease that breaks down the emotion, thought, and action, which is chaos or madness. Schizophrenia is divided into five different categories and they are disorganized, paranoid, residual, and undifferentiated. Each of these have their own set of symptoms, but schizophrenia affects a person’s behavior, logic, and emotions. There is positive symptoms and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. The positive symptoms are delusions, hallucinations, inappropriate affect, incoherent speech or thought, and odd behavior. The negative symptoms are affective flattening, alogia, avolition, and anhedonia. There was a neurodevelopmental theory of schizophrenia during the 20th-century two famines a Dutch and a Chinese famine had mother who were diagnosed with schizophrenia and these two by adults would most likely have it as well. The first antischizophrenic drug was chlorpromazine. This drug helps agitated patients and the severity of schizophrenic symptoms. Later reserpine was given, which is an active ingredient of the snakeroot plant. This was given to patients with schizophrenia, but was taken off for treatment because it caused a huge incline in blood pressure that could be fatal. Through these two together, the discovery of Parkinson’s disease came about. The dopamine theory of schizophrenia is caused† by too much dopamine and, conversely, that antischizophrenic drug exert their effects by  decreasing dopamine levels Pinel, J. P. J. (2011). People who suffer from schizophrenia have a decent amount of brain damage. The next ones are affective disorders, which include depression and mania. Everyone has depression at one time or another and it becomes stressful to you, your body, and even people around you. There is anhedonia â€Å"loss of the capacity to experience pleasure† Pinel, J. P. J. (2011). This is people who fall into despair for no apparent reasons, it just happens. When this happens, it causes them to slowly slip away from life and their normal daily routines and can be quite deadly to them if they fall too much. If this happens for more than two weeks then they might diagnose them with clinical depression, or major depressive disorder. The second affective disorder is mania, which is almost the total opposite of depression. Mania is â€Å"characterized by overconfidence, impulsivity, distractibility, and high energy. Depression and Mania are also under mood swings category. People who show mild mania might be talkative, energetic, impulsive, positive, and extremely confident. At this point, in a person’s mania they can do there day to day activities nicely but when it becomes extreme it can become a huge problem for them and possibly others around them. If there, mania becomes too extreme they will feel like nothing can stop them and it can get in the way of the many things that they are achieving in their lives. For people who are depressive they might experience episodes of mania and if they do experience mania they are known to suffer from bipolar affective disorder. The ones who do not suffer from mania are under unipolar affective disorder. Depression is under two categories and these are negative experience (reactive depression) and depression for no apparent reason (endogenous depression). Four main drugs are treatment for affective disorders and these are monoamine oxidase inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, selective monoamine reuptake inhibitors, and mood stabilizers. MAO inhibitors have several side effects and the most dangerous is called the cheese effect. Cheese, wine, and pickles all contain what they call tyramine and it causes high blood pressure when mixed with the MAO inhibitors. Tricyclic antidepressants don’t cause any major side effects and is safer compare to MAO inhibitors. SSRIs and Prozac don’t have many side effects and they help with other psychological disorders other than just  depression. They help with lack of self-esteem, fear of failure, excessive sensitivity to criticism, and inability to experience pleasure. They even help with the rates of suicides. The last one is mood stabilizers, which are antidepressant drugs, and they act against depression without increasing mania, or they act against mania without increasing depression (Bourin Prica, 2007). Mood stabilizers are very effective and help with epilepsy. Lithium is what calms a patient in the mood stabilizers, but they cause extreme nausea as well or major sickness. All in all the best treatment for depression is lamotigine, and the best for treating mania is lithium and carbamazepine. Monoamine theory of depression â€Å"holds that depression is associated with underactivity at serotonergic and noradrenergic synapses† Pinel, J. P. J. (2011). A nice remedy or alternative for coping with depression and is trying to stay motivated and exercise. Light exercises can help keep you calm and get used to your life again and keep you healthy after all the stress you have been put through already from all the stress. This helps because you release feel good brain chemicals, rude immune system chemicals, increase body temperature, gain confidence, takes your mind off worries, and cope in a healthy way (Mayo Clinic, 2013). Anxiety disorders relate to stress a lot. Anxiety disorders that are severe in patients make it hard to cope with day-to-day activities and they can’t function normally. People who have this have feelings of anxiety, which might include fear, worry, and despondency. When they get these type of symptoms it can lead to rapid heartbeat, high blood pressure, nausea, breathing difficulty, sleep disturbances, and high glucocorticoid levels. There is five classes of anxiety disorders and they are generalized anxiety disorders, phobic anxiety disorders, panic disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorders. There are three types of treatments for these disorders and they are benzodiazepines, serotonin agonists, and antidepressants. Benzodiazepines, which are Librium and valium, are the usual medicines prescribed for treatment and they help as sleep aids, anti convulsants, and muscle relaxants. The side effects include sedation, ataxia, tremor, nausea, and a withdrawal reaction, which causes rebound anxiety. These drugs are also very addictive and sold illegally if not prescribed to the right people who really need them for short periods.  Serotonin agonists buspirone is used a decent amount in the treatment for anxiety disorders. This drug helps with producing anxiolytic, which is anti-anxiety, and it helps by not producing ataxia, muscle relaxation, and sedation. The side effects that it does cause are nausea, headache, and insomnia. Tourette syndrome is the last one to talk about, it is a psychiatric disorder, and its different from the other three already discussed which include schizophrenia, affective disorders, and anxiety. The main symptom of Tourette’s is the tics. Tourette syndrome is a disorder in which they call the tics, which is involuntary, repetitive, stereotyped movements or vocalizations. This disorder happens in younger people or young adults. Sudden jerks and eye movements are usually the first signs and eventually it worsens, as they get older. The common complex motor tics include hitting, touching objects, squatting, and hopping, twirling, and sometimes-lewd gestures. The common verbal tics include inarticulate sounds such as barking, coughing, grunting, uttering obscenities, repetition of another’s words, and the repetition of one’s own words. People with this disorder can live normal lives if they have supportive and understanding people around them. It can get in the way of making friends and even getting a job if people don’t understand their condition. The first of the treatments for this disorder is family, friends, the patient, and teachers be educated on the condition. The second part of the treatment is finding out the emotional problems such as anxiety or depression, after this the treatment will be taken for the patient symptoms. One treatment is neuroleptics, which reduce tics by about 70% if the patient can be given the drug. The side effects are weight gain, fatigue, and dry mouth. Comprehensive behavioral intervention for Tics (CBIT) is something that is new and it’s a behavioral therapy for TS and chronic tic disorders. This includes habit reversal and other strategies, which include education about tics and relaxation techniques. This is a very effective program that starts when the child is young and even adults and they try to find better ways for the kids and adults to fit in, in any type of situation including in school and jobs (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , 2013). References: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention . (2013). Tourette Syndrome (TS). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/tourette/treatments.html Mayo Clinic. (2013). Depression (major depression). Retrieved from http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/depression-and-exercise/MH00043 Pinel, J. P. J. (2011). Biopsychology (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Pearson.

French Revolution vs The Romanian Revolution

French Revolution vs The Romanian Revolution Edy Lipianu Between the result of the French and Romanian Revolutions, which one greaterly affected the nations ideal optimistic perspectives of being a free nation? Well while Romania, which turned into a democratic nation after the dictator Ceaușescus execution, France unfortunately wound up with a military autocracy after Napoleon finished King Louis XVI supreme government. Was Napoleon military rule that awful for the French residents and was the democratic system of Romania even that useful for the Romanians? Looking at the two may help discover which one really turned out to be to a greater degree a free nation after their interesting revolutions.. While France was governed briefly by the famous military pioneer, Napoleon Bonaparte from 1789-1790, his rule was not as unforgiving as King Louis. He brought down charges intensely, permitted laborers to eat, and gave more rights to men, yet very few for ladies, shockingly. He gave individuals an essence of religious flexibility, better instruction, and sensible law. The French Revolution completely changed the social and political structure of France. It finished up the French government and its dread and finished political power from the Catholic church. It passed on an illumination to Europe including flexibility and freedom for the normal individual and furthermore the abolishment of servitude and the benefits of women. In spite of the way that the surprise completed with the climb of Napoleon, the musings and changes did not pass on. These new contemplations continued influencing Europe and shaped an expansive number of Europes front line governments. This was a period of ideological, political and social change in the political history of France and Europe all things considered, in the midst of which the French federation, as of now an inside and out government with primitive advantages for the nobility and Catholic pastorate, experienced radical change to outlines in light of Enlightenment measures of republicanism, citizenship, and rights. These movements were joined by horrible turmoil, including executions and concealment in the midst of the Reign of Terror and battling including each other huge European power. The Revolution was at first an acclaimed uprising against the through and through impact of the ruler and against their advantages and was executed for flexibility, value, and society. In reality, it incited to the loss of flexibility, dictatorship, and patriotism. The revolt relied on upon a hatred of tradition and yearning to use the force of the state to make another demand. People were given better approaches for life as nationals of the state. To crush the impenetrability to revolt and the new demand around 18,000 40,000 people were executed. The Romanian Revolution began as a notable revolt in Timisoara. After Ceaușescu was toppled, an affiliation named National Salvation Front, confined abruptly by second-rank companion party people repudiated to the methodologies of Ceaușescu and non-cooperated individuals in the revolt. Iliescu was promptly perceived as the pioneer of the affiliation and thusly of the transitory master. Romanias new individual in control, who was president from 1988-1996 and gave the subjects of new Romania an essence of vote based flexibility. That is the point at which another constitution was made giving everybody every one of the rights that truly demonstrated to individuals proper methodologies to live similarly in agreement. Iliescu proposed multi-party choices and a special vote based framework. This is extensively held to have inferred the determination of Perestroika-style changes rather than the aggregate ejection of existing establishments; it can be associated with the warm assembl ing the new organization was given by Mikhail Gorbachev and the straggling leftovers of the Soviet activity and the way that the fundamental post-dynamic overall comprehension set apart by Romania was with that country. Iliescu did not deny Communist reasoning and the program he at initially showed in the midst of the revolution included reconstructing the cultivating and the revision of trade, yet not a change to private enterprise. These points of view were held by various people from the FSN as well, for instance, Silviu Brucan, who declared in mid-1990 that the change was against Ceaușescu, not against socialism. Iliescu later evoked the probability of endeavoring a Swedish model of socialism. Gossipy tidbits prospered for a significant long time that Iliescu and other second-rank Communists had been needing to topple Ceaușescu, in any case, the events of December 1989 overpowered them. For instance, Nicolae Militaru, the new organizations first insurance serve, said that Iliescu and others had needed to take Ceaușescu prisoner in February 1990 while he was Out of the capital. Regardless, Iliescu denies this, saying the method for the Ceaușescu organization-particularly the Securitates ubiquity-made early plan for a miracle everything aside from outlandish. The French were soothed from King Louis XVIs total government and that was certainly a decent begin for their nation, everything showed signs of improvement in little ways, and individuals got the chance to live feeling free, they thought Napoleon was a saint. Napoleon had a broad and intense impact on the present day world, conveying liberal changes to the various domains that he vanquished and controlled, for example, the Low Countries, Switzerland, and extensive parts of cutting edge Italy and Germany. He executed central liberal arrangements in France and all through Western Europe.His lawful accomplishment, the Napoleonic Code, has affected the legitimate frameworks of more than 70 countries around the globe. Both of the nations ended up effectively showing signs of improvement after their insurgencies. Be that as it may, between the result of the French and Romanian Revolutions, Romania greaterly affected the nations general hopeful perspectives of being a free nation. Romania, which turned into a law based nation after the tyrant Ceaușescus execution, gave individuals more rights and everybody was equivalent. To the degree of opportunity, Romanias Revolution improved the nation a much place for its inhabitants. SOURCES: Book: Napoleon: A Life The French Revolution: From Enlightenment to Tyranny by Ian Davidson http://www.becparlamentare2008.ro/rezul/part_tara_100.pdf http://www.ft.com/cms/s/d3be5f1a-ee6e-11db-b5e9-000b5df10621.html https://archive.org/stream/codenapoleonorf00statgoog#page/n4/mode/2up http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT00000607072 1dateTexte=20080121 http://www.historytoday.com/marisa-linton/robespierre-and-terror http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20050526.shtml http://www.historyguide.org/intellect/august10.html https://books.google.com/?id=bFQ6VO1sFGsCpg=PA139lpg=PA139dq=G ospriyomka+gorbachev#v=onepageq=Gospriyomka%20gorbachevf=false http://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/40551/seweryn-bialer-and-joan-afferica/sp ecial-supplement-the-genesis-of-gorbachevs-world https://books.google.com/books?id=9O15MzNKMuoClpg=PP1pg=PA89#v= onepageqf=false http://www.adevarul.ro/actualitate/politica/Ce_s-a_ales_de_primul_Guvern_postd Ecembrist_0_617938566.html http://www.pbs.org/frontlineworld/stories/romania/tudor.html http://www.evz.ro/detalii/stiri/mineriadele-anului-1990-democratia-sub-bate-898037.html http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/c_code.html http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/123270568/abstract http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/405364/National-Salvation-Front EXTRAS http://www.history5

Argument Essay: Technology and Children Essay

This technology revolution sparked a debate on children’s use of technology. Children are constantly using iPads, iPhones, tablets, and other computerized devices. By over exposing children to technology, they are being robbed of the mental stimulation that comes from doing real, non computerized, activities. It has gotten to the point where one can see a two-year-old navigate an iPhone with ease but struggle to speak. Sixty-nine percent of children aged two to five can use a computer mouse, but only eleven percent can tie their own shoelaces (Generation Tech More Kids Can Play Computer Games than Ride a Bike). Also, children are at an all time low in the creativity department because of the lack of chances to practice their creativeness. The social interactions worsen due to the fact that children would rather communicate over the internet and via text message than speak face to face. In order to be sure that children get the proper building blocks for their future education, we must limit children’s use to technology. Today, technology is more geared toward the youth than any other age group. About 75 percent of iTunes top selling games are the educational apps designed for preschoolers and elementary school children (Strauss). Adults, think that because it is made for children that it is okay for a child to sit for hours on end playing the ‘educational’ game, when really they are causing more harm than good. Unfortunately, children no longer are seeing the need to communicate face to face with each other; children are not learning simple skills that those of before the technological outbreak learned as second nature. Children are attached to their devices, even as they are walking down the street. In the morning when kids are leaving for school, you see a line of children walking down the street all plugged in. No one says good morning as the pass another person, they bump into people without an â€Å"excuse me†, or â€Å"sorry†. These are under appreciated, simple task that the children of today lack. One could argue that this is the parent’s job to teach their children social skill, but if the parent lets the child attach themselves to and electronic device, when and how would they have the chance? Also, according to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in a study in 2004, 16 percent of children that are between the ages of six and nineteen years of age are overweight or obese. This is a number that has nearly tripled since 1980, mostly due to technological usage. Being overweight can bring with it great health concerns. Many of these children have a chance of developing Type II Diabetes, asthma, sleep apnea, social discrimination, high cholesterol and/or blood pressure. Moreover, according to a Stanford University of Medicine study, elementary students consume 20 percent of their daily calorie intake while watching television, which usually includes unhealthy snacks, largely due to advertisements for junk food and boredom. Coincidently, kids are not burning off any of these calories while they are plopped in front of the television. When it comes down to a child’s creativity, it is being drained by the pre-generated creative art studios on computers. Before if a child wanted to show how artistic they could be, they would pull out a box of crayons or makers and draw a picture straight from their imagination. Now, we have coloring templates with preset colors that make children color inside the lines. The pseudo creativity has parents fooled into believing that their child is become more creative eve time they hand them the electronic art pad. All that is really going on is that the child is now becoming more reliant on premade sketches to create, no real thought involved. There is no doubt that technology is going to be tremendous part of the future, more specifically, children’s future. We cannot deprive them of technology, but we can limit them. Everyone wants their children to grow up creative, intelligent, and well rounded; however, with too much technological influence it will be a distant dream to achieve. As an older generation, we need to take steps toward figuring out how to save the children from becoming computer dependent, unhealthy, and unable to think on their own. Works Cited â€Å"Childhood Obesity Prevention – Stanford University School of Medicine.† Childhood Obesity Prevention – Stanford University School of Medicine. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Dec. 2012. â€Å"Children and Technology – The Statistics.† TechAddiction. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Dec. 2012. â€Å"Generation Tech More Kids Can Play Computer Games than Ride a Bike.† VentureBeat. N.p., 19 Jan. 2011. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. Henry1966. â€Å"Children: Technology Killed Creativity.† Newsvine. N.p., 4 Apr. 2010. Web. 4 Dec. 2012. Pelling, Rowan. â€Å"How Technology Is Taking Hold of Our Children’s Lives.† Telegraph. The Telegraph, 22 May 2012. Web. 5 Dec. 2012. Strauss, Valerie. â€Å"Is Technology Sapping Children’s Creativity?† Washington Post. The Washington Post, 12 Sept. 2012. Web. 4 Dec. 2012. â€Å"Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences.† Undergraduate Research Journal for the Human Sciences. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 Dec. 2012.

Feminist Perspective Essay

Feminist Perspective in â€Å"The Awakening† In The Awakening, Chopin describes how the perfect man or woman should look according to society. The Awakening was published in 1899 which â€Å"aroused a storm of controversy for its then unprecedented treatment of female independence and sexuality, and for its unromantic portrayal of marriage. † (Chopin, 1899, Note) Women were expected to be obedient housewives and a doting mother to their children. The statement; â€Å"If it was not a women’s place to look after children, who’s on earth was it? (Chopin, 1899, chap 3) denotes what the woman’s responsibilities are in a marriage. Chopin uses the characters: Edna, Leonce, Madame Ratignolle and Robert Lebrun to show how marriage, independence, equal rights and freedom are portrayed in the novel, The Awakening. Leonce Pontellier was a forty year old, slender, medium built man with straight brown hair parted to one side. When Chopin describes, â€Å"since it seemed to be the law of society that hair must be parted and brushed† (Chopin, 1899, chap 4) it shows how society expects a man’s appearance to be. Leonce was away on business often and would send a box full of fruits, bon bons, and delicious syrups in abundance. Mr. Pontellier was often away from home on business trips. To make up for the time spent away from home he would send these luscious treats. The women were envious of how much Mr. Pontellier cared for Edna. Chopin best describes how other women see Mr. and Mrs. Pontellier’s relationship when she states; â€Å"selecting with dainty and discriminating fingers and a little greedily, all declared that Mr. Pontellier was the best husband in the world† (Chopin, 1899, chap 3) while sharing the tasty treats sent. Mr. Pontellier was a very materialistic man and even when he looked at his wife after being in the sun states â€Å"you are burnt beyond recognition, he added, looking at his wife as one looks at a valuable piece of property which has suffered some damage. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 1) shows how men view their wife in that era. Men liked their woman to be flawless and devoted to their family. In today’s society that would be considered a â€Å"trophy wife†. Leonce is great at providing for his family, but disregards his wife’s feelings. One example of how Mr. Pontellier is inconsiderate of his wife’s feelings is when she asked him if he would be coming home for dinner and his response was; â€Å"he halted a moment and shrugged his shoulders. / He did not know; perhaps he would return for the early dinner and perhaps he would not. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 1) However, when Edna â€Å"abandoned her Tuesdays at home, and did not return the visits of those who called upon her. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 14) and begins painting, he views her as mentally unbalanced, which he seeks advice from a doctor. â€Å"Mr. Pontellier had been rather courteous husband so long as he met certain tactic submissiveness in his wife. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 14) In other words as long as Edna does what is expected of society he would be happy. In the late 1800’s the man’s job was to provide for the family and the woman’s job was to care for the house and children. Mr. Pontellier was your typical man of that era. Edna Pontellier was a young woman of twenty eight, who’s â€Å"eyes were quick and bright; they were yellowish brown, about the color of her hair. / She was rather handsome than beautiful. (Chopin, 1899, chap 2) In the story, The Awakening Chopin describes Edna as â€Å"an American woman with a small infusion of French† (Chopin, 1899, chap 2), however it was â€Å"lost in dilution. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 2) Edna was in an unhappy marriage with Leonce and throughout the story begins to find her inner self at the Grand Isle. Chopin uses different symbols thro ughout the story to help us understand Edna’s state of mind. Edna did not fit in with the rest of the Creole women. Chopin describes Edna as â€Å"not a mother-woman† (Chopin, 1899, chap 4) indicating that she is not a dedicated mother like the other Creole women. Mrs. Pontellier, though she had married a creole, was not thoroughly home in society of the Creoles. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 4) The Creole women were known for; â€Å"fluttering about with extended, protecting wings when any harm, real or imaginary, threatened their precious brood. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 4) Edna has a quadroon nurse, whom looks after the children who â€Å"was looked upon as a huge encumbrance† (Chopin, 1899, chap 4) leaving one to believe that because of the time period that the quadroon nurse is black. In this era women were dedicated to their children and husband, however Edna defies the norms of society when she doesn’t obey these rules. Edna is fascinated by the beauty and mothering portrayed by Madame Ratignolle and forms a bond with her in the summer at Grand Isle. â€Å"Madame Ratignolle was very fond of Mrs. Pontellier and often she took her sewing and went over to sit with her in the afternoons. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 4) â€Å"Mrs. Pontellier liked to sit and gaze at her fair companion as she might look upon a faultless Madonna. (Chopin, 1899, chap 5) Madame Ratignolle was the perfect Creole woman and Edna looked to her for guidance. Madame Ratignolle is an example of an acceptable woman in this time period. However Edna realizes she is not like the other Creole women and searches within herself for independence. As a woman in the late 1800’s early 1900’s life had many challenges, especially for those who seek independence. It was unlikely for a woman to neither voice her opinions if she were unhappy in a marriage nor choose who to marry. In The Awakening, Edna’s father pushed her into marriage with Leonce. She describes her marriage as â€Å"purely an accident† (Chopin, 1899, chap 7) and with â€Å"the violent opposition of her father and her sister Margaret to her marriage with a Catholic, and we need seek no further for the motives which led her to accept Monsier Pontellier for her husband. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 7) In this era women had very little equal rights and were unable to stand their grounds on their beliefs in fear of rejection from society. In the summer at Grand Isle Edna begins to develop a negative attitude towards marriage. During the summer at Grand Isle, Edna learns how to swim, which begins her â€Å"awakening†. Edna views the sea as calming and way to escape from reality. Even when Edna isn’t at the beach she thinks about the sounds of the waves to comfort her. As Edna looks at the sea she thinks about the â€Å"motionless sails against the blue sky, made a delicious picture I just wanted to sit and look at. / The hot wind beating in my face made me think – without any connection that I can trace — of a summer day in Kentucky, of a meadow that seemed as big as the ocean to the very little girl walking through the grass, which was higher than her waist. (Chopin, 1899, chap 7) The sea reminds Edna of being a little girl without having to carry the heavy load of society. She felt freedom through the waves as they hit the shore. After Edna goes for her first swim, she is overjoyed and yells: â€Å"Think of the time I have lost splashing like a baby! † (Chopin, 1899, chap 5) This was the beginning of the end for her. This night is the first night that Edna stands up to her husband when he asks her to come in for the night while she was resting on the hammock. Edna replies; â€Å"No; I’m going to stay out here. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 6) Mr. Pontellier wasn’t used to Edna not doing what is asked. Edna hears Leonce moving about the room; every sound indicating impatience and irritation. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 6), which signifies Leonce is frustrated that Edna wasn’t submissive as usual. Edna had spent some time with her father which stirred up the feelings as to why she didn’t want to attend her sister’s wedding. Following the advice given to Mr. Pontellier by the Dr. Mandelet’s declined to intervene in her decision. As her father left Mr. Pontellier was not far behind and began talking to her father about Edna’s behavior. Edna’s father told him â€Å"You are too lenient, too lenient by far, Leonce† (Chopin, 1899 chap 29) â€Å"Authority, coercion are what is needed. / Put your foot down good and hard; the only way to manage a wife. / Take my word for it. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 29)This statement shows how men view women with little respect and freedom. It had to of taken a lot for Edna to stand up to her father and tell him no, when he was such an authority to her in life. Edna’s newfound freedom has found her venturing out and doing things she enjoys. She goes to a horse race with Mrs. Highcamp at Arobin’s drag. This is where she meets a man named Alcee Arobin. She begins to spend a lot of time with sharing her interest of horse racing. Through their constant visits Alcee begins experiencing feelings for Edna. Alcee kisses her hand as he leaves her house in the evening. After he is gone she looks â€Å"mechanically at the back of her hand which he had kissed so warmly. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 25) As Edna looked at her hand â€Å"she felt somewhat like a woman who in the moment of passion is betrayed into an act of infedility, and realizes the significance of the act without being wholly awaken from its glamour. (Chopin, 1899, chap 25) When Edna is thinking this she is not referring to her husband, but of Robert whom she fell in love with at the Grand Isle. During this time period divorce wasn’t a choice. Edna continues to fall into the arms of Alcee as they spend time together. Chopin describes the relationship developing into more than just a friendship; however Edna love and s exual desires for Robert are being portrayed with Alcee. Affairs were a forbidden and inexcusable act in the eyes of society. After this night Edna cried which â€Å"was only a phase of the multitudinous emotions which assailed her. / There was with her an overwhelming feeling of irresponsibility. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 28) This signifies that she is feeling remorseful for her doings; however her feelings for Robert are still strong. She then makes a big step and moves out into the pigeon house around the corner. Edna moves out of her home to the pigeon house and begins to support herself through her paintings. This was absurb of a woman moving out of her home away from her husband. When Mr. Pontellier learned of his wife’s intention to abandoned her home and take her residence elsewhere, he immediately wrote a letter of unqualified disapproval and remonstrance. † (Chopin, 1899, chap32) He was worried about â€Å"what people would say. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 32), so he put their house under construction to hide the fact that Edna moved out. For the time being Leonce remains away on business while Edna is living in the pigeon house. â€Å"No longer was she content to â€Å"feed upon opinion† when her own soul had invited her. (Chopin, 1899, chap32) Edna feels independent and full of life. During this time Robert returns from Mexico and Edna reveals her love to him, â€Å"I love you†, she whispered, â€Å"only you; no one but you. / It was you that awoke me last summer out of a life-long stupid dream. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 37) She defies the rules of society by loving one other than her husband, whom she was supposed to love and adore forever. However after revealing her love to Robert she leaves the house to attend to her friend who has become ill and asks him to wait for her to return. When Edna returned home there was a note left from Robert stating; â€Å"I love you. Good-by – because I love you. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 33) Robert did what was the right thing to do in society by leaving because they both would have been shunned for their affair. After reading the letter it appeared as though Edna went into shock. Chopin describes her as she â€Å"grew faint when she read the words. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 33) The next day she decides to go for a little swim and as she was walking she said to herself over and over again, â€Å"To—day it is Arobin; to—morrow it will be someone else. (Chopin, 1899, chap 34) and was also thinking about words shared with Adele Ratignolle, â€Å"she would give up the unessential, but she would not sacrifice herself for her children. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 34) She wasn’t going to sacrifice her life any longer for anybody. Edna interprets the sea as being, â€Å"seductive, never ceasing, whis pering, clamoring, murmuring, inviting the soul to wander in abysses of solitude. † (Chopin, 1899, chap 34) As she continues to walk along the beach doesn’t find anything living except for a â€Å"bird with a broken wing was beating the air above, reeling, fluttering, circling disabled down, down to the water. (Chopin, 1899, chap 34) The bird symbolizes Edna, broken. She strips away her clothing and walks into the cold ocean naked like a new-born creature, never looking back. In conclusion, it is clear throughout the novel society portrays how men and women should look. The men with their perfect hair and the women doing as they should when directed by their husband are the perfect people in that era. However Edna goes against all the rules of society when she begins going against all of her husband’s wishes and gains confidence along with independence. Society was not ready to face the strength of a woman yet. Therefore, Edna felt very alone in the world with nowhere to turn. She took her life in the very place she discovered her soul because it was the only place she truly felt alive and free. Reference Chopin, K. , (2005), The Awakening, (1899), published by Hayes Barton Press, a division of Vital Source Technologies, Inc. , Retrieved from digital library, September 16, 2011 http://digitalbookshelf. southuniversity. edu/#/books/L-999-70979/pages/17443484